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Ursolic and oleanolic acids displayed the most intense antibacterial effect, with MIC values ranging from 30 μg/mL to 80 μg/mL. All the isolated compounds, mixtures, and semi-synthetic derivatives displayed activity against all the tested bacteria, showing that they are promising antiplaque and anticaries agents. The microdilution method was used for the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) during the evaluation of the antibacterial activity. Triterpene acids (ursolic, oleanoic, gypsogenic, and sumaresinolic acids) isolated from Miconia species, along with a mixture of ursolic and oleanolic acids and a mixture of maslinic and 2-α-hydroxyursolic acids, as well as ursolic acid derivatives were evaluated against the following microorganisms: Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sobrinus, and Enterococcus faecalis, which are potentially responsible for the formation of dental caries in humans. The two monodesmosidic saponins 1 and 3 were found to possess strong molluscicidal activity against Biomphalaria alexandrina snails, the intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni in Egypt (LC 90 = 13.33 and 16.44 μM), whereas the other two bidesmosidic saponins 2 and 4 as well as the two flavonoid glycosides were inactive up to 50 μM. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of the spectral and chemical data as 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-L-arabinopyranoside oleanolic acid (1), 3-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl quinovic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl- (1→2)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-L-arabinosyl oleanolic acid (3) and 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-( 1→3)-α-L-arabino-pyranosyl quinovic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (4). Four triterpenoidal glycosides were isolated from the butanolic layer. From the ethyl acetate fraction, two flavonoid glycosides were isolated and identified as kaempferol-7-O-rhamnoside and acacetin-7-O-rhamnoside. (family Zygophyllaceae) was successively fractionated using certain organic solvents. The aqueous methanolic extract of the aerial parts of Fagonia arabica L. polyrhizus with respect to total contents of betacyanins, betalainic precursors, phyllocactin and cyclo-Dopa malonyl-glucosides. While the phenolic profiles generally differed between genotypes, phenolic compound composition of ‘Rosa’ resembled that of H. Moreover, gallic acid was identified for the first time in pitaya fruits. Some of these compounds were previously described as artifacts upon heat exposure. Notably, decarboxylated and dehydrogenated betalains were identified as genuine compounds of the juices. In addition to the well known betalains previously reported in Hylocereus fruits, several biosynthetic precursors were detected. The phenolic pattern of each genotype was also thoroughly investigated using liquid chromatography coupled to positive electrospray ionization (ESI) tandem mass spectrometry. While non-betalainic phenolic compounds contributed only to a minor extent, betalains were responsible for the major antioxidant capacity of purple pitaya juices evaluated. Maximum antioxidant capacity, total phenolic and betalain contents were observed in the genotype ‘Lisa’.
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Folin-Ciocalteu and TEAC (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity) assay together with the spectrophotometric determination of betalains were applied to investigate the correlation between phenolics and their contribution to the antioxidant capacity of five different Costa Rican genotypes of purple pitaya (Hylocereus sp.) and of H.